About mps disorder type vii
What is mps disorder type vii?
Mucopolysaccharidoses, which are also known as mucopolysaccharide storage (MPS) diseases, are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes. The lysosomes are particles bound in membranes within cells that break down certain fats and carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities.
Sly syndrome (MPS-VII) is an MPS storage disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase that leads to an accumulation of dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in many tissues and organs of the body including the central nervous system.
The clinical features of Sly syndrome vary from patient to patient, but all have short stature due to growth retardation, changes in bones visible on X-rays and some degree of mental retardation. Survival into adulthood is common with milder cases and osteoarthritis is a common complication.
The symptoms of Sly Syndrome are similar to those of Hurler Syndrome (MPS I) and the other Mucopolysaccharidoses. Symptoms may include mental retardation, short stature with an unusually short trunk, and/or abnormalities of the intestines, corneas of the eyes, and/or the skeletal system. Sly Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait.
What are the symptoms for mps disorder type vii?
The most severe cases of MPS VII are characterized by hydrops fetalis, or when excess fluid accumulates in the body before birth. This can result in a stillborn or death shortly after birth. Neonatal jaundice or the yellowing of the skin may occur.
Children with more mild cases of MPS VII begin to show symptoms in early childhood. Children with MPS VII may have an unusually Short trunk and growth disability, resulting in Short stature (Short trunk dwarfism). The head may be excessively large (macrocephalic) and the neck may be short. A variety of multiple Bone deformities (dysostosis multiplex), which are frequently observed in people with mucopolysaccharidoses, are also common in children with MPS VII. These Bone deformities may include a prominent breast bone (pectus carinatum), flared ribs, frequent hip dislocations, “frozen” joints (contractures), club foot, and/or an inward curve of the knees and outward bowing of the ankles (genu valgum).Rarely, spinal malformations may be present including mild curvature of the spine from side to side (scoliosis) and/or front to back (kyphosis). Children with this disorder may develop an unusual “coarse” facial appearance. Between the ages of 7 months and 8 years, cloudiness (opacity) may occur in the corneas of the eyes.
Affected individuals may have developmental delays in language and speech and progressive intellectual disability, although intelligence is normal in some people with this condition.
Other symptoms of MPS VII may include a swollen abdomen due to abnormal enlargement of the liver and/or spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) and protrusion of the intestines through an abnormal opening in the muscular wall of the abdomen (inguinal hernia). In some children, the intestines may also protrude through the abdominal wall in the area of the navel (umbilical hernia). Some affected children may experience profound hearing loss, recurrent upper respiratory and middle ear infections, Thickening of the soft tissues of the throat and/or vocal cords, an abnormally enlarged tongue (macroglossia), and/or heart problems (i.e., heart murmur or aortic regurgitation). Excessive hairiness (hirsutism) may be present.
Children may develop carpal tunnel syndrome characterized by numbness, tingling and Weakness in the hands and fingers.
Survival to age 19-20 years has been reported in mild cases. Life expectancy is reduced as a result of frequent upper respiratory tract infections, neurodegenerative complications and abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract.
A mild form of MPS VII, beginning during the 2nd decade of life, has been described in the medical literature. In these patients, the symptoms of the disorder appear to be less severe than classical MPS VII and may include minor bony changes and very mild facial coarseness. Growth rate and mental abilities are usually normal. Abnormal enlargement of the liver and spleen has not been noticed in this form of MPS VII.
What are the causes for mps disorder type vii?
MPS VII is caused by changes (mutations) in the GUSB gene that lead to deficiency of the beta-glucuronidase enzyme. A variety of different mutations in this gene may account for the wide range of symptoms and physical findings as well as the variability in the age of onset.
The beta-glucuronidase enzyme is involved in the breakdown of large sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans or GAGs. The shortage of beta-glucuronidase leads to a buildup of GAGs in the cells, specifically in the lysosomes. Lysosomes digest and recycle molecules; this disorder causes a lysosomal storage disorder. The accumulation of GAGs increases the size of the lysosomes causing the tissues and organs to become enlarged. GAGs are believed to interpret the function of proteins within the lysosomes and disrupt the normal function of cells.
MPS VII is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic condition. Recessive genetic disorders occur when an individual inherits two copies of an abnormal gene for the same trait, one from each parent. If an individual inherits one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease but usually will not show symptoms. The risk for two carrier parents to both pass the altered gene and have an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. The risk to have a child who is a carrier like the parents is 50% with each pregnancy. The chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents is 25%. The risk is the same for males and females.
What are the treatments for mps disorder type vii?
In 2017, Mepsevii (vestronidase alfa-jvbk), an enzyme replacement therapy, was approved to treat pediatric and adult patients with MPS VII. Mepsevii is manufactured by Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Inc.
Other treatment of MPS VII is symptomatic and supportive. Bone deformities and hernias may require surgical correction. Ocular and cardiovascular abnormalities may also be treated surgically. Patients with MSP disorders may be sensitive to anesthesia because of malformations in the airway or cervical spine; therefore, precautions should be taken prior to surgery. Genetic counseling is recommended for people with MPS VII and their families.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy (HSCT) A Japanese patient underwent successful HSCT at 12 years of age and after 2 years the levels of GUS were stable, with improvement of motor functions (walking, riding, and taking bath alone), recurrent infections and snoring; neurological damage has been kept stable (Yamada et al., 1998). A Mexican female patient with MPS VII with genotype p.P408S/p.P415L underwent HSCT at 11 years of age and was reported to be doing well 2 years after the transplantation (Islam et al., 1996). There were more than 7 patients that underwent HSCT (Islam et al., 1996; Yamada et al., 1998; Montaño et al., 2016). The limited results suggest that HSCT can slow or even prevent further neurological complications, but has little to no effect on the skeletal disease unless it is performed in an early stage.
What are the risk factors for mps disorder type vii?
Parents who are close relatives (consanguineous) have a higher chance than unrelated parents to both carry the same abnormal gene, which increases the risk to have children with a recessive genetic disorder.